Educational policy and enrollment
It is mandatory for children in Ghana between the ages of four and fourteen to be enrolled in school for a period of 11 years, and this has been the case since 2007. Nonetheless, in 2019, the government announced plans for new legislation that would extend basic and compulsory education up to the secondary school level. English is the language of instruction in the country as it is the language of the state, except at the initial stages of education, where local languages may be used. Furthermore, the 1996 Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education Program (fCUBE) of the Ministry of Education in Ghana was aimed at providing quality and universal primary education for citizens. Despite this, over 995 thousand children in the country were out of school in 2021. To this effect, over 482,000 girls and nearly 513,000 boys were not enrolled in primary school in 2021. Comparatively, for people between the ages of 15 and 24 years in 2018, the literacy rate was higher among males than females. In general, the country spent about 2.9 percent of its GDP on education in 2022.The educational system
Ghana‘s formal education system comprises primary, junior and senior secondary schools, and tertiary education. In 2021, the gross enrollment ratio stood at 97.9 for primary education, 75.7 for secondary education, and as of the same year, there were 635 thousand tertiary students in the country.Moreover, in 2022, the school completion rate among primary and lower secondary children was higher for females than males, while the opposite was true for the upper secondary level.
At the tertiary education level, the country boasted of nine private and public institution ownership types as of 2019, with more students enrolled in public universities than in other public and private-owned tertiary institutions and colleges of education. Consequently, in the said year, nearly 265 thousand students were registered in public universities in the country, which was more than half the number of students at this educational level. Programs offered by these institutions range from business, applied science, arts and social science to education and engineering but also nursing, among others. They were offered as regular, sandwich, or distance learning programs taught by over 15 thousand teaching staff, who held titles such as professor, lecturer and tutor.
International student mobility
On the international tertiary education market in 2019, there were more outbound students in Ghana than there were inbound. This recorded a negative foreign student mobility net flow of approximately 15,000. Although foreign students in the country were mainly from Africa as of 2022, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, many students have come from other parts of the world to study in Ghana over the years. On the other hand, more than 20 thousand Ghanaian students studied abroad in 2021.Overall at the national level, the per capita consumer spending on education is expected to amount to nearly 156 U.S. dollars in 2028, while the total consumer spending on education is estimated to reach approximately 5.8 billion U.S. dollars by the end of the same year.
